Computer History and its development - Since the beginning, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find equipment mechanics and electronics
to help human beings in calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers
that we see today is a long evolution of human inventions since time
immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic appliance
Nowadays computers and supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than just an ordinary mathematical calculations. Among
them is a computer system capable of reading gauze supermarket shopping
goods code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and
communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects various places in the world.
Computer History by period are:
- Traditional Tools and Calculators Calculate Mechanics
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer
1. First Generation Computers (1946-1959)
With the onset of World War II, the countries involved in the war sought
to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer.
It increases funding for the development of computers and accelerate the progress of computer techniques.
(1) Colassus
(2 ) Mark I
(3) ENIAC
(4) EDVAC
(5) UNIVAC I
characteristic of the first generation are:
- the use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at the time were very large)
- There is a magnetic cylinder for data storage.
- instructions for
operation made specific to a particular task.
- Each computer has a different kodebiner program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit.
2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand makes a computer named LARC. These
computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could
handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers
atoms. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting.
There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence
Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the US Navy
Research and Development Center in Washington DC second-generation
computers replaced the machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They
also have components that can be associated with the computer at this
time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer on the second generation:
- The use of transistors makes them smaller
- There is a memory development intimagnetik help the development of
computer the second generation of smaller, faster, more reliable, and
more energy efficient than its predecessor
- Replacement of machine language is the language of Assemblies
- Emerging programming languages COBOL and FORTRAN
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but
transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the
internal bagianbagian computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack
Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments, developed the integrated
circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. The IC combined three
electronic components onto a small silicon disc made of quartz.
Scientists later managed to fit more components into a chiptunggal called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Third-generation development is the use of the operating system
(operating system) that allows the engine to run many different
programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated
the computer's memory.
The characteristics of the computer in the third generation:
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit)
- The size of computers become smaller
- discovery of the Operating System
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
After IC, the development becomes more obvious: reduce the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. UltraLarge Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability
to install so many components in a chip that is half the size of coins
encourage lower prices and the size of the computer. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability.
Chip Intel 4004 which was made in 1971, took the IC with all the
components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control
input / output) in a very small chip , Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long afterwards, each
device
household items such as microwave ovens, television sets and
automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with
microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary The people to use a regular computer. Computers are no longer a dominance of big companies or government agencies. In pertengahantahun 1970s, computer assemblers
offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In
the early 1980s, video games like Atari 2600 ignited consumer interest
in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The
number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million
units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers
continued evolution towards smaller size, of computers that are on the
table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into a bag
(laptop), or even a computer that can (palmtops).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh in the fight computer market. Apple
Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his
computer, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible
CPU: IBM PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series
of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc. It's all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along
with the increased strength of a smaller computers can be connected
together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also
to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic cooperation to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of the computer on the fourth generation:
• The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI
• The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating many CPUs to work in unison. Another
advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of
electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of
information.
